(A) Experimental design of dietary protocol with 18 weeks of ad libitum feeding before 2 weeks of ad libitum feeding or TRF. (B) Longitudinal weight gain, measured weekly, from start of normal or high-fat diet until end of dietary protocol. (C) Twenty-four–hour kilocalorie (kcal) intake for ND, DIO, and DIO+TRF groups during 2-week intervention period. (D) Kidney weight from all 3 experimental groups at the end of the 20-week protocol. (E) ADC shown for ND, DIO, and DIO+TRF at 18 weeks and 20 weeks of diet and change in ADC from 18 weeks to 20 weeks for ND, DIO, and DIO+TRF. (F) Representative 40× images of the kidney outer medulla (black arrow pointing to vasa recta bed). (G) Histological fibrosis scores for vasa recta fibrosis. (H) Representative 40× images of the kidney outer medulla (black arrows pointing to vasa recta bed) stained with Masson’s blue trichrome. (I) Histological fibrosis scores for vasa recta associated interstitial fibrosis. (J) Representative 40× images of the kidney cortex stained at 18 weeks (black arrows pointing to tubulointerstitial fibrosis). (K and L) Quantification of cortical tubulointerstitial fibrosis (K) and glomerulosclerosis (L) at week 18. (M) Representative 40× images of the kidney cortex stained at 20 weeks (black arrows pointing to tubulointerstitial fibrosis). (N and O) Quantification of cortical tubulointerstital fibrosis (N) and glomerulosclerosis (O) at week 20. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare time of day and dietary groups with Tukey’s post hoc test (E, I, N, and O); 1-way ANOVA in C–E; and 2-tailed t test in G, K, and L. Gray background is used for ZT13–15 (dark phase); white background is used for ZT1–3 (light phase). Scale bars are 20 µm.